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Corante Blogs examine, through the eyes of leading observers, analysts, thinkers, and doers, critical themes and memes in technology, business, law, science, and culture.

The Press Will Be Outsourced Before Stopped

Vin Crosbie, on the challenges, financial and otherwise, that newspaper publishers are facing: "The real problem, Mr. Newspaperman, isn't that your content isn't online or isn't online with multimedia. It's your content. Specifically, it's what you report, which stories you publish, and how you publish them to people, who, by the way, have very different individual interests. The problem is the content you're giving them, stupid; not the platform its on."
by Vin Crosbie in Rebuilding Media

Travels In Numerica Deserta

There's a problem in the drug industry that people have recognized for some years, but we're not that much closer to dealing with it than we were then. We keep coming up with these technologies and techniques which seem as if they might be able to help us with some of our nastiest problems - I'm talking about genomics in all its guises, and metabolic profiling, and naturally the various high-throughput screening platforms, and others. But whether these are helping or not (and opinions sure do vary), one thing that they all have in common is that they generate enormous heaps of data.
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Disrobing the Emperor: The online “user experience” isn't much of one

Now that the Web labor market is saturated and Web design a static profession, it's not surprising that 'user experience' designers and researchers who've spent their careers online are looking for new worlds to conquer. Some are returning to the “old media” as directors and producers. More are now doing offline consulting (service experience design, social policy design, exhibition design, and so on) under the 'user experience' aegis. They argue that the lessons they've learned on the Web can be applied to phenomena in the physical and social worlds. But there are enormous differences...
by Bob Jacobson in Total Experience

Second Life: What are the real numbers?

Clay Shirky, in deconstructing Second Life hype: "Second Life is heading towards two million users. Except it isn’t, really... I suspect Second Life is largely a 'Try Me' virus, where reports of a strange and wonderful new thing draw the masses to log in and try it, but whose ability to retain anything but a fraction of those users is limited. The pattern of a Try Me virus is a rapid spread of first time users, most of whom drop out quickly, with most of the dropouts becoming immune to later use."
by Clay Shirky in Many-to-Many

The democratisation of everything

Over the last few years we've seen old barriers to creativity coming down, one after the other. New technologies and services makes it trivial to publish text, whether by blog or by print-on-demand. Digital photography has democratised a previously expensive hobby. And we're seeing the barriers to movie-making crumble, with affordable high-quality cameras and video hosting provided by YouTube or Google Video and their ilk... Music making has long been easy for anyone to engage in, but technology has made high-quality recording possible without specialised equipment, and the internet has revolutionised distribution, drastically disintermediating the music industry... What's left? Software maybe? Or maybe not."
by Suw Charman in Strange Attractor

RNA Interference: Film at Eleven

Derek Lowe on the news that the Nobel Prize for medicine has gone to Craig Mello and Andrew Fire for their breakthrough work: "RNA interference is probably going to have a long climb before it starts curing many diseases, because many of those problems are even tougher than usual in its case. That doesn't take away from the discovery, though, any more than the complications of off-target effects take away from it when you talk about RNAi's research uses in cell culture. The fact that RNA interference is trickier than it first looked, in vivo or in vitro, is only to be expected. What breakthrough isn't?"
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

PVP and the Honorable Enemy

Andrew Phelps: "Recently my WoW guild has been having a bit of a debate on the merits of Player-vs.-Player (PvP) within Azeroth. My personal opinion on this is that PvP has its merits, and can be incredible fun, but the system within WoW is horridly, horribly broken. It takes into account the concept of the battle, but battle without consequence, without emotive context, and most importantly, without honor..."

From later in the piece: "When I talk about this with people (thus far anyway) I typically get one of two responses, either 'yeah, right on!' or 'hey, it’s war, and war isn’t honorable – grow the hell up'. There is a lot to be said for that argument – but the problem is that war in the real historical world has very different constraints that are utterly absent from fantasized worlds..."
by Andrew Phelps in Got Game

Rats Rule, Right?

Derek Lowe: "So, you're developing a drug candidate. You've settled on what looks like a good compound - it has the activity you want in your mouse model of the disease, it's not too hard to make, and it's not toxic. Everything looks fine. Except. . .one slight problem. Although the compound has good blood levels in the mouse and in the dog, in rats it's terrible. For some reason, it just doesn't get up there. Probably some foul metabolic pathway peculiar to rats (whose innards are adapted, after all, for dealing with every kind of garbage that comes along). So, is this a problem?.."
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Really BAD customer experience at Albertsons Market

Bob Jacobson, on shopping at his local Albertsons supermarket where he had "one of the worst customer experiences" of his life: "Say what you will about the Safeway chain or the Birkenstock billionaires who charge through the roof for Whole Foods' organic fare, they know how to create shopping environments that create a more pleasurable experience, at its best (as at Whole Foods) quite enjoyable. Even the warehouses like Costco and its smaller counterpart, Smart & Final, do just fine: they have no pretentions, but neither do they dump virtual garbage on the consumer merely to create another trivial revenue stream, all for the sake of promotions in the marketing department..."
by Strange Attractor in Total Experience

The Guardian's "Comment is Free"

Kevin Anderson: "First off, I want to say that I really admire the ambition of the Guardian Unlimited’s Comment is Free. It is one of the boldest statements made by any media company that participation needs to be central to a radical revamp of traditional content strategies... It is, therfore, not hugely surprising to find that Comment is Free is having a few teething troubles..."
by Kevin Anderson in strange
In the Pipeline: Don't miss Derek Lowe's excellent commentary on drug discovery and the pharma industry in general at In the Pipeline

The Loom

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June 21, 2005

Light from Dark

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Posted by Carl Zimmer

vent bacteria.jpgBack in 1986 a biologist named Cindy Lee Van Doverwas poking around the innards of shrimp from the bottom of the sea. They came from a hydrothermal vent in the Atlantic, where boiling, mineral-rich water came spewing up from cracks in the Earth’s crust and supported rich ecosystems of tube-worms, microbes, crabs, and other creatures. The animals that lived around these vents were generally blind, which wasn’t surprising considering that no sunlight could reach them. But Van Dover noticed that they had two flaps of tissue running along their backs that connected to nerves. Closer inspection revealed that the tissue was actually made of light-sensitive pigments and photoreceptors. What, Van Dover wondered, could these shrimp possibly be looking at. Dives to mid-ocean ridges later revealed that the vents produce a faint light of their own.

In 1996 I wrote a story for Discover about Van Dover’s obsession with deep-ocean light. At the time she was fascinated by the possibility that vents might make enough light to support photosynthesis. The sunlight that reaches the Earth’s surface is a million times brighter than vent light, but scientists have found microbes 240 feet down in the Black Sea that can survive on an equally scanty supply of photons. But at the time it was just speculation.

It is very cool to see that nine years later Van Dover hasn’t lost the obsession. In a paper just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, she and her colleagues report their discovery of photosynthetic bacteria living around deep-sea vents. On a cruise to the East Pacific Rise, the scientists bottled vent water and then took it to a lab to culture the microbes they had trapped. One species was able to grow only in the presence of light, which it absorbed with photosynthetic pigments. The researchers doubt that the microbes drifted into the bottles from somewhere else because they seem well-adapted to the vents. They feed on sulfur compounds that are spewed up through the vents. The water around the vents is poor in oxygen thanks to chemical reactions there, and the bacteria thrive in the absense of oxygen. The nearest place where the bacteria might enjoy these features is thousands of miles away from the vents.

Over at Cosmic Log, Alan Boyle discusses what this discovery means for the search for life elsewhere in the universe. Short answer: photosynthetic organisms might be dwelling in the dark on other planets. I found myself thinking about another implication of the discovery, which I discussed in my 1996 article. Photosynthetic life may have existed on Earth 3.7 billion years ago, and scientists would like to know how the necessary chemistry for harnessing sunlight first evolved. Van Dover and her colleagues suggested that it might have gotten its start around hydrothermal vents. It could have evolved from a means for simply detecting light. Like shrimp, microbes don’t want to get too close to the water coming directly out of a vent because they’ll get fried. Over time, these bacteria might have evolved the ability to harness the energy of the light as well. Later, some of these deep-sea photosynthesizers might have been carried to shallower vents, where they might also be able to catch light from the sun. From these migrants came the sunlight-harnessing molecules that allow bacteria to consume trillions of tons of carbon. Some algae acquired this machinery as well, probably by eating photosynthetic bacteria, and they in turn gave rise to land plants. In other words, our forests and lawns got their start at the bottom of the sea.

These newly discovered bacteria don’t clinch this argument by any means. They are not living fossils unchanged for four billion years. But they at least show that a key part of this evolutionary scenario is plausible: that photosynthetic organisms can survive around deep-sea vents. That’s certainly an idea that nobody thought of before Van Dover began poking around in dead shrimp.

Comments (5) + TrackBacks (0) | Category: Evolution


COMMENTS

1. gaw3 on June 22, 2005 10:14 AM writes...

Maybe the focus on the amount of sunlight Europa receives is a bit misplaced. If hot vents really glow, than photosynthesis, without sunlight, would be possible on any planet with vulcanism + liquid water.

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2. fidik on June 22, 2005 02:57 PM writes...

Probably evolving from a heat sensor, you're saying.

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3. Aaron on June 22, 2005 06:28 PM writes...

Very cool! What part of the spectrum do the vents emit in? Is the glow just blackbody radiation, or something more exotic? Assuming the vents emit in the visible spectrum, are they bright enough to see with the naked eye?

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4. Andrew on June 29, 2005 08:13 AM writes...

Your comments in this blog regarding the potential for life on dark planets reminded me immediately of Hoyle's "The Intelligent Universe". It seems that today's generation of scientists argue strongly for life outside the earth as an inevitability. However the (IMHO) obvious conclusion that life originated outwith the earth in the first place has not yet come back into vogue.

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5. Steve Russell on June 29, 2005 01:06 PM writes...

That life on the microbe-bacteria-virus-spore scale can originate in location A, and wind up in location B, is inherent--IMHO!--in all the discussions of asteroids harboring Martian life landing on earth and vice versa.

For scientists to seriously consider life travelling interstellar distances, all that would be required is some plausible mechanism.

Of course, the notion of life originating in one place and then "seeding" itself by one means or another to other places does not fundamentally change the terms of debate for evolution and abiogenesis, but simply changes the venue for the origin discussion...

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