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Corante Blogs examine, through the eyes of leading observers, analysts, thinkers, and doers, critical themes and memes in technology, business, law, science, and culture.

The Press Will Be Outsourced Before Stopped

Vin Crosbie, on the challenges, financial and otherwise, that newspaper publishers are facing: "The real problem, Mr. Newspaperman, isn't that your content isn't online or isn't online with multimedia. It's your content. Specifically, it's what you report, which stories you publish, and how you publish them to people, who, by the way, have very different individual interests. The problem is the content you're giving them, stupid; not the platform its on."
by Vin Crosbie in Rebuilding Media

Travels In Numerica Deserta

There's a problem in the drug industry that people have recognized for some years, but we're not that much closer to dealing with it than we were then. We keep coming up with these technologies and techniques which seem as if they might be able to help us with some of our nastiest problems - I'm talking about genomics in all its guises, and metabolic profiling, and naturally the various high-throughput screening platforms, and others. But whether these are helping or not (and opinions sure do vary), one thing that they all have in common is that they generate enormous heaps of data.
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Disrobing the Emperor: The online “user experience” isn't much of one

Now that the Web labor market is saturated and Web design a static profession, it's not surprising that 'user experience' designers and researchers who've spent their careers online are looking for new worlds to conquer. Some are returning to the “old media” as directors and producers. More are now doing offline consulting (service experience design, social policy design, exhibition design, and so on) under the 'user experience' aegis. They argue that the lessons they've learned on the Web can be applied to phenomena in the physical and social worlds. But there are enormous differences...
by Bob Jacobson in Total Experience

Second Life: What are the real numbers?

Clay Shirky, in deconstructing Second Life hype: "Second Life is heading towards two million users. Except it isn’t, really... I suspect Second Life is largely a 'Try Me' virus, where reports of a strange and wonderful new thing draw the masses to log in and try it, but whose ability to retain anything but a fraction of those users is limited. The pattern of a Try Me virus is a rapid spread of first time users, most of whom drop out quickly, with most of the dropouts becoming immune to later use."
by Clay Shirky in Many-to-Many

The democratisation of everything

Over the last few years we've seen old barriers to creativity coming down, one after the other. New technologies and services makes it trivial to publish text, whether by blog or by print-on-demand. Digital photography has democratised a previously expensive hobby. And we're seeing the barriers to movie-making crumble, with affordable high-quality cameras and video hosting provided by YouTube or Google Video and their ilk... Music making has long been easy for anyone to engage in, but technology has made high-quality recording possible without specialised equipment, and the internet has revolutionised distribution, drastically disintermediating the music industry... What's left? Software maybe? Or maybe not."
by Suw Charman in Strange Attractor

RNA Interference: Film at Eleven

Derek Lowe on the news that the Nobel Prize for medicine has gone to Craig Mello and Andrew Fire for their breakthrough work: "RNA interference is probably going to have a long climb before it starts curing many diseases, because many of those problems are even tougher than usual in its case. That doesn't take away from the discovery, though, any more than the complications of off-target effects take away from it when you talk about RNAi's research uses in cell culture. The fact that RNA interference is trickier than it first looked, in vivo or in vitro, is only to be expected. What breakthrough isn't?"
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

PVP and the Honorable Enemy

Andrew Phelps: "Recently my WoW guild has been having a bit of a debate on the merits of Player-vs.-Player (PvP) within Azeroth. My personal opinion on this is that PvP has its merits, and can be incredible fun, but the system within WoW is horridly, horribly broken. It takes into account the concept of the battle, but battle without consequence, without emotive context, and most importantly, without honor..."

From later in the piece: "When I talk about this with people (thus far anyway) I typically get one of two responses, either 'yeah, right on!' or 'hey, it’s war, and war isn’t honorable – grow the hell up'. There is a lot to be said for that argument – but the problem is that war in the real historical world has very different constraints that are utterly absent from fantasized worlds..."
by Andrew Phelps in Got Game

Rats Rule, Right?

Derek Lowe: "So, you're developing a drug candidate. You've settled on what looks like a good compound - it has the activity you want in your mouse model of the disease, it's not too hard to make, and it's not toxic. Everything looks fine. Except. . .one slight problem. Although the compound has good blood levels in the mouse and in the dog, in rats it's terrible. For some reason, it just doesn't get up there. Probably some foul metabolic pathway peculiar to rats (whose innards are adapted, after all, for dealing with every kind of garbage that comes along). So, is this a problem?.."
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Really BAD customer experience at Albertsons Market

Bob Jacobson, on shopping at his local Albertsons supermarket where he had "one of the worst customer experiences" of his life: "Say what you will about the Safeway chain or the Birkenstock billionaires who charge through the roof for Whole Foods' organic fare, they know how to create shopping environments that create a more pleasurable experience, at its best (as at Whole Foods) quite enjoyable. Even the warehouses like Costco and its smaller counterpart, Smart & Final, do just fine: they have no pretentions, but neither do they dump virtual garbage on the consumer merely to create another trivial revenue stream, all for the sake of promotions in the marketing department..."
by Strange Attractor in Total Experience

The Guardian's "Comment is Free"

Kevin Anderson: "First off, I want to say that I really admire the ambition of the Guardian Unlimited’s Comment is Free. It is one of the boldest statements made by any media company that participation needs to be central to a radical revamp of traditional content strategies... It is, therfore, not hugely surprising to find that Comment is Free is having a few teething troubles..."
by Kevin Anderson in strange
In the Pipeline: Don't miss Derek Lowe's excellent commentary on drug discovery and the pharma industry in general at In the Pipeline

The Loom

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February 06, 2004

Flower Power

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Posted by Carl Zimmer

Flower.jpg“Abominable” is not the sort of word that most people may associate with flowers, but for Darwin, it was a perfect fit. He saw life on Earth today as the result of millions of years of victories and defeats in the evolutionary arena. Flowering plants, by that reasoning, were among the greatest champions of all. There are some 250,000 known species of flowering plants, and the total is probably double that. The closest living relatives of flowering plants (pine trees, firs, gingkos, and the like—collectively known as gymnosperms) make up a grand total of just over 800. These numbers are all the more remarkable when you consider that flowering plants emerged around 140 million years ago, and gymnosperms had already been on Earth since at least 360 million years ago. In over twice the time, gymnosperms have produced less than 1% of the diversity found in flowering plants. What was the secret of flowers? Darwin wrote to his friend the botanist Joseph Hooker that this question was “an abominable mystery.”

Darwin assumed that there must be one secret to be found, and since then most botanists have agreed. Perhaps it was their ability to be pollinated by bees and other insects, or perhaps the way animals that ate their fruit could disperse seeds in their droppings. In order to test hypotheses like these, scientists need to figure out how all the species in question are related, to see exactly when the explosion of diversity took place over the course of their evolution. But when you’re talking about 250,000 species, that’s no easy task.

In recent years, different teams of scientists have compared the genes of different species of flowering plants. Researchers from Florida and England developed mathematical methods to combine 46 of these trees into a “supertree.” While this tree does not actually have a twig for every species of flower, its 379 branches include every family of species. This is only a step towards the full tree of flowering plants, but it’s a huge one—just ten years ago scientists thought such a goal was impossible to meet. The researchers were also able to plot the tree against time, estimating the dates at which major new groups of flowers evolved. The scientists present their tree today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Supertree now in hand, the scientists then tried to solve Darwin’s abominable mystery. Did flowers explode in diversity at one particular point in their history? Or was there one particular strategy for survival used by some flowers that made them more diverse than other flowers?

None of the above, it appears. Early flowers did undergo a small burst of diversity, but there have been many bursts since then, and they don’t seem to follow any one rule. There is no one secret to the success of flowers, but perhaps many small ones waiting to be discovered. It’s possible for example that in some cases flowering plants thrived particularly well as the planet has gradually cooled. (Gymnosperms may, by constrast, be locked into a biology better suited to the much warmer climates 200 million years ago.) Darwin’s abominable mystery has split into many small mysteries, like a pool of mercury breaking into an elusive flock of droplets. But when scientists finally create a species-level tree of flowering plants (an achievement that may take decades), they may finally pinpoint some of the solutions.

Comments (2) + TrackBacks (0) | Category: Evolution


COMMENTS

1. Robin Goodfellow on February 8, 2004 03:59 AM writes...

I dunno, seems pretty straightforward to me. Small size, fast growth, sexual reproduction: tada, massive diversity. You've got a combination of factors which allow flowers to explore new characteristics pretty quickly and throughly with as little effort as possible. Sexual reproduction increases the effectiveness of natural selection, by creating genetic variation without the downside of harmful mutations (that's the efficiciency part). And the small size and fast growth decreases the cycle time between generations being able to chart new territory diversity wise. The rest is just a matter of the winds and chance blowing flowers into new habitats and new challenges and forcing that diversity engine to do its magic. Am I missing some obvious reason why these things alone shouldn't be enough?

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2. Carl Zimmer on February 8, 2004 08:22 AM writes...

It's a fair hypothesis (except for "small size" and "fast growth"--flowering plants include oak trees and other species that are not exactly small or fast growing). But the big problem is that you're proposing that these features enhance diversity for all flowering plants. If that were true, then you'd expect equal rates of diversification throughout the 140 million year history of this group. And that's not what the supertree reveals, as you can see from the paper. Diversity speeds up from time to time on different parts of the supertree, with no clear feature common to all the bursts. In the end, flowering trees have become incredibly diverse, but for no simple reason.

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