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Corante Blogs examine, through the eyes of leading observers, analysts, thinkers, and doers, critical themes and memes in technology, business, law, science, and culture.

The Press Will Be Outsourced Before Stopped

Vin Crosbie, on the challenges, financial and otherwise, that newspaper publishers are facing: "The real problem, Mr. Newspaperman, isn't that your content isn't online or isn't online with multimedia. It's your content. Specifically, it's what you report, which stories you publish, and how you publish them to people, who, by the way, have very different individual interests. The problem is the content you're giving them, stupid; not the platform its on."
by Vin Crosbie in Rebuilding Media

Travels In Numerica Deserta

There's a problem in the drug industry that people have recognized for some years, but we're not that much closer to dealing with it than we were then. We keep coming up with these technologies and techniques which seem as if they might be able to help us with some of our nastiest problems - I'm talking about genomics in all its guises, and metabolic profiling, and naturally the various high-throughput screening platforms, and others. But whether these are helping or not (and opinions sure do vary), one thing that they all have in common is that they generate enormous heaps of data.
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Disrobing the Emperor: The online “user experience” isn't much of one

Now that the Web labor market is saturated and Web design a static profession, it's not surprising that 'user experience' designers and researchers who've spent their careers online are looking for new worlds to conquer. Some are returning to the “old media” as directors and producers. More are now doing offline consulting (service experience design, social policy design, exhibition design, and so on) under the 'user experience' aegis. They argue that the lessons they've learned on the Web can be applied to phenomena in the physical and social worlds. But there are enormous differences...
by Bob Jacobson in Total Experience

Second Life: What are the real numbers?

Clay Shirky, in deconstructing Second Life hype: "Second Life is heading towards two million users. Except it isn’t, really... I suspect Second Life is largely a 'Try Me' virus, where reports of a strange and wonderful new thing draw the masses to log in and try it, but whose ability to retain anything but a fraction of those users is limited. The pattern of a Try Me virus is a rapid spread of first time users, most of whom drop out quickly, with most of the dropouts becoming immune to later use."
by Clay Shirky in Many-to-Many

The democratisation of everything

Over the last few years we've seen old barriers to creativity coming down, one after the other. New technologies and services makes it trivial to publish text, whether by blog or by print-on-demand. Digital photography has democratised a previously expensive hobby. And we're seeing the barriers to movie-making crumble, with affordable high-quality cameras and video hosting provided by YouTube or Google Video and their ilk... Music making has long been easy for anyone to engage in, but technology has made high-quality recording possible without specialised equipment, and the internet has revolutionised distribution, drastically disintermediating the music industry... What's left? Software maybe? Or maybe not."
by Suw Charman in Strange Attractor

RNA Interference: Film at Eleven

Derek Lowe on the news that the Nobel Prize for medicine has gone to Craig Mello and Andrew Fire for their breakthrough work: "RNA interference is probably going to have a long climb before it starts curing many diseases, because many of those problems are even tougher than usual in its case. That doesn't take away from the discovery, though, any more than the complications of off-target effects take away from it when you talk about RNAi's research uses in cell culture. The fact that RNA interference is trickier than it first looked, in vivo or in vitro, is only to be expected. What breakthrough isn't?"
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

PVP and the Honorable Enemy

Andrew Phelps: "Recently my WoW guild has been having a bit of a debate on the merits of Player-vs.-Player (PvP) within Azeroth. My personal opinion on this is that PvP has its merits, and can be incredible fun, but the system within WoW is horridly, horribly broken. It takes into account the concept of the battle, but battle without consequence, without emotive context, and most importantly, without honor..."

From later in the piece: "When I talk about this with people (thus far anyway) I typically get one of two responses, either 'yeah, right on!' or 'hey, it’s war, and war isn’t honorable – grow the hell up'. There is a lot to be said for that argument – but the problem is that war in the real historical world has very different constraints that are utterly absent from fantasized worlds..."
by Andrew Phelps in Got Game

Rats Rule, Right?

Derek Lowe: "So, you're developing a drug candidate. You've settled on what looks like a good compound - it has the activity you want in your mouse model of the disease, it's not too hard to make, and it's not toxic. Everything looks fine. Except. . .one slight problem. Although the compound has good blood levels in the mouse and in the dog, in rats it's terrible. For some reason, it just doesn't get up there. Probably some foul metabolic pathway peculiar to rats (whose innards are adapted, after all, for dealing with every kind of garbage that comes along). So, is this a problem?.."
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Really BAD customer experience at Albertsons Market

Bob Jacobson, on shopping at his local Albertsons supermarket where he had "one of the worst customer experiences" of his life: "Say what you will about the Safeway chain or the Birkenstock billionaires who charge through the roof for Whole Foods' organic fare, they know how to create shopping environments that create a more pleasurable experience, at its best (as at Whole Foods) quite enjoyable. Even the warehouses like Costco and its smaller counterpart, Smart & Final, do just fine: they have no pretentions, but neither do they dump virtual garbage on the consumer merely to create another trivial revenue stream, all for the sake of promotions in the marketing department..."
by Strange Attractor in Total Experience

The Guardian's "Comment is Free"

Kevin Anderson: "First off, I want to say that I really admire the ambition of the Guardian Unlimited’s Comment is Free. It is one of the boldest statements made by any media company that participation needs to be central to a radical revamp of traditional content strategies... It is, therfore, not hugely surprising to find that Comment is Free is having a few teething troubles..."
by Kevin Anderson in strange
In the Pipeline: Don't miss Derek Lowe's excellent commentary on drug discovery and the pharma industry in general at In the Pipeline

The Loom

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January 30, 2004

No SARS in Georgia

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Posted by Carl Zimmer

sars.jpgCharles Darwin had no great hope of witnessing natural selection at work in his own time. He assumed that it would operate as slowly and imperceptibly as the water that eroded cliffs and canyons. He would have been delighted to discover that he was actually wrong on this count. By the mid-1900s, scientists were running selection experiments in laboratories and beginning to document the effects of natural selection in the wild, such as the rise of insects that were resistant to pesticides. Still, the work has been slow and painstaking. Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton have done some of the best work on natural selection in the wild, documenting its effect on Darwin's finches on the Galapagos island. (Changes in climate lead to changes in the food supply which in turn changes in the beaks.) The Grants have dedicated 30 years of research to the evolutionary fate of this small group of birds. The slowdown comes in part from the months or years that animals need to reproduce, generating the new mutations and rearrangements of DNA that natural selection needs in order to operate. So what would serve as a better case study?

A virus.

Viruses can replicate madly even in a single sick person, and in some cases they can spread across the planet in months. Added benefits include their high mutation rate--which means that they undergo natural selection even faster--as well as their tiny genomes, which makes it far easier to pinpoint the changes that occur during evolution.

Virologists have been studying the evolution of a number of viruses in recent years--flu, dengue, HIV, and so on. And when SARS broke out, they were ready. A team of researchers from China and the University of Chicago have studied the virus from early in the outbreak in late 2002 to its final hushing down in February 2003. They have painted a remarkable portrait of natural selection sculpting a virus for a new host.

The early strains were most like the strains in civet cats, which seem to be where at least part of the human virus came from. The virus did a bad job of infecting humans at that point, in large part because its machinery for invading cells was a bad match for our biology. But then new variants emerged. They tended to lose DNA from one particular gene. In addition, the researchers discovered some 299 individual sites where one nucleotide was substitute for another. The researchers showed that these substitutions altered the proteins made by the SARS virus more often than would be expected by chance--a sign that natural selection was at work. As the virus changed, it became far better at infecting humans, to the point that a single person might infect hundreds of new hosts. At this point, the mutations that emerged in the virus were far less likely than chance to alter the SARS proteins. This is a sign of purifying selection at work-- most mutants that strayed even slightly from the new winning recipe were outcompeted. As a result, by the end of the outbreak, the exuberant bush-like growth of the SARS tree has dwindled to a few successful branches. And all of this evolutionary change took place within just three months. This is more than just an awesome glimpse at evolution in the wild (the wild being our own bodies). It's insights like these that will help scientists make vaccines to control SARS.

You'd think that breakthroughs like these would get people fired up about the promise of evolutionary biology. But apparently the state school superintendent in Georgia would prefer that her students remain in the dark. I guess there must be no SARS in Georgia.

Correction: Thanks to Stan Jones for pointing out that the superintendent is a woman, not a man.

Comments (3) + TrackBacks (0) | Category: Evolution


COMMENTS

1. Jason on January 30, 2004 03:37 PM writes...

Ah, but in Georgia they still believe that whole "microevolution" vs. "macroevolution" canard (or, more precisely, the fundamentalists to whom the state government owes allegiance still believe this).

No argument will convince them short of the SARS virus turning into a monkey, which then gives birth to a person.

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2. Reed A. Cartwright on January 30, 2004 11:42 PM writes...

A petition to have the Georga Department of Education adopt all the AAAS standards, not just the ones that Kathy Cox likes.

http://www.petitiononline.com/gasci04/

Spread it around like a virus.

Permalink to Comment

3. George Vogt on January 31, 2004 11:36 AM writes...

Actually, getting rid of the word "evolution" might not be a bad idea. After all, biologists already know that the notion of "species" is meaningless, and have superseded it by the cladistic concepts of characters, populations and lineages. It's a lot harder to prohibit teaching of "changing lineage characters via natural selection of inherited variations" than to prohibit a single word.

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