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Corante Blogs examine, through the eyes of leading observers, analysts, thinkers, and doers, critical themes and memes in technology, business, law, science, and culture.

The Press Will Be Outsourced Before Stopped

Vin Crosbie, on the challenges, financial and otherwise, that newspaper publishers are facing: "The real problem, Mr. Newspaperman, isn't that your content isn't online or isn't online with multimedia. It's your content. Specifically, it's what you report, which stories you publish, and how you publish them to people, who, by the way, have very different individual interests. The problem is the content you're giving them, stupid; not the platform its on."
by Vin Crosbie in Rebuilding Media

Travels In Numerica Deserta

There's a problem in the drug industry that people have recognized for some years, but we're not that much closer to dealing with it than we were then. We keep coming up with these technologies and techniques which seem as if they might be able to help us with some of our nastiest problems - I'm talking about genomics in all its guises, and metabolic profiling, and naturally the various high-throughput screening platforms, and others. But whether these are helping or not (and opinions sure do vary), one thing that they all have in common is that they generate enormous heaps of data.
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Disrobing the Emperor: The online “user experience” isn't much of one

Now that the Web labor market is saturated and Web design a static profession, it's not surprising that 'user experience' designers and researchers who've spent their careers online are looking for new worlds to conquer. Some are returning to the “old media” as directors and producers. More are now doing offline consulting (service experience design, social policy design, exhibition design, and so on) under the 'user experience' aegis. They argue that the lessons they've learned on the Web can be applied to phenomena in the physical and social worlds. But there are enormous differences...
by Bob Jacobson in Total Experience

Second Life: What are the real numbers?

Clay Shirky, in deconstructing Second Life hype: "Second Life is heading towards two million users. Except it isn’t, really... I suspect Second Life is largely a 'Try Me' virus, where reports of a strange and wonderful new thing draw the masses to log in and try it, but whose ability to retain anything but a fraction of those users is limited. The pattern of a Try Me virus is a rapid spread of first time users, most of whom drop out quickly, with most of the dropouts becoming immune to later use."
by Clay Shirky in Many-to-Many

The democratisation of everything

Over the last few years we've seen old barriers to creativity coming down, one after the other. New technologies and services makes it trivial to publish text, whether by blog or by print-on-demand. Digital photography has democratised a previously expensive hobby. And we're seeing the barriers to movie-making crumble, with affordable high-quality cameras and video hosting provided by YouTube or Google Video and their ilk... Music making has long been easy for anyone to engage in, but technology has made high-quality recording possible without specialised equipment, and the internet has revolutionised distribution, drastically disintermediating the music industry... What's left? Software maybe? Or maybe not."
by Suw Charman in Strange Attractor

RNA Interference: Film at Eleven

Derek Lowe on the news that the Nobel Prize for medicine has gone to Craig Mello and Andrew Fire for their breakthrough work: "RNA interference is probably going to have a long climb before it starts curing many diseases, because many of those problems are even tougher than usual in its case. That doesn't take away from the discovery, though, any more than the complications of off-target effects take away from it when you talk about RNAi's research uses in cell culture. The fact that RNA interference is trickier than it first looked, in vivo or in vitro, is only to be expected. What breakthrough isn't?"
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

PVP and the Honorable Enemy

Andrew Phelps: "Recently my WoW guild has been having a bit of a debate on the merits of Player-vs.-Player (PvP) within Azeroth. My personal opinion on this is that PvP has its merits, and can be incredible fun, but the system within WoW is horridly, horribly broken. It takes into account the concept of the battle, but battle without consequence, without emotive context, and most importantly, without honor..."

From later in the piece: "When I talk about this with people (thus far anyway) I typically get one of two responses, either 'yeah, right on!' or 'hey, it’s war, and war isn’t honorable – grow the hell up'. There is a lot to be said for that argument – but the problem is that war in the real historical world has very different constraints that are utterly absent from fantasized worlds..."
by Andrew Phelps in Got Game

Rats Rule, Right?

Derek Lowe: "So, you're developing a drug candidate. You've settled on what looks like a good compound - it has the activity you want in your mouse model of the disease, it's not too hard to make, and it's not toxic. Everything looks fine. Except. . .one slight problem. Although the compound has good blood levels in the mouse and in the dog, in rats it's terrible. For some reason, it just doesn't get up there. Probably some foul metabolic pathway peculiar to rats (whose innards are adapted, after all, for dealing with every kind of garbage that comes along). So, is this a problem?.."
by Derek Lowe in In the Pipeline

Really BAD customer experience at Albertsons Market

Bob Jacobson, on shopping at his local Albertsons supermarket where he had "one of the worst customer experiences" of his life: "Say what you will about the Safeway chain or the Birkenstock billionaires who charge through the roof for Whole Foods' organic fare, they know how to create shopping environments that create a more pleasurable experience, at its best (as at Whole Foods) quite enjoyable. Even the warehouses like Costco and its smaller counterpart, Smart & Final, do just fine: they have no pretentions, but neither do they dump virtual garbage on the consumer merely to create another trivial revenue stream, all for the sake of promotions in the marketing department..."
by Strange Attractor in Total Experience

The Guardian's "Comment is Free"

Kevin Anderson: "First off, I want to say that I really admire the ambition of the Guardian Unlimited’s Comment is Free. It is one of the boldest statements made by any media company that participation needs to be central to a radical revamp of traditional content strategies... It is, therfore, not hugely surprising to find that Comment is Free is having a few teething troubles..."
by Kevin Anderson in strange
In the Pipeline: Don't miss Derek Lowe's excellent commentary on drug discovery and the pharma industry in general at In the Pipeline

The Loom

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January 23, 2004

You Know What They Say About Male Beetles With Long Horns...

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Posted by Carl Zimmer

hornbeetle.jpgSometimes when you take a look at life on Earth, it seems like evolution might be able to produce anything you could ever imagine. Can a mammal become so adapted to swimming in the ocean that it never comes back on dry land? Check. Can a squid evolve eyes as big as dinner plates? Check. Can a mole evolve a nose that acts like a hand? Check. But what about the fact that no ape has ever grown antlers? Or that no bird has ever reached a fifty foot wingspan? Or that, so far as anyone can tell, no animal has acquired hydrogen-producing bacteria in its gut and floated off like an airborne balloon? Are these dreams beyond the limits of evolution? If they are, where do you draw the border of the possible and the impossible?

These sorts questions are easy to come up with, but they rarely come in a form that allows for a scientific answer. But for some years now, Frederik Nijhout of Duke University has been able to test the limits of evolution by experimenting with horned scarab beetles (Onthophagus taurus). The male beetles grow long horns that they use to compete over females. The horns are wonderfully long, and males with longer horns seem to have an edge over those with shorter ones. (Insert your size-comparison joke here.) Is there a limit to how long the horns can get? One limit emerges from how the beetle develops. A horn is the result of a tiny patch of cells in a beetle larva multiplying like mad. They need energy to do this, and the more energy they consume, the less may be available for neighboring cells. In the late 1990s Nijhout found that beetle horns are in an embryonic competition with beetle mandibles, which grow from cells right next to the cells destined to become horns. When he inhibited the growth of horns, beetles grew bigger mandibles, and vice-versa. Mutations that produce bigger horns run the risk of leaving a beetle with smaller mandibles, which would make it harder for the insect to eat enough to survive.

Now Nijhout has discovered that this competition is far more widespread than he initially thought. In a paper to be published in the February 2004 American Naturalist (full text here), he and Armin Moczek looked at the development of horns versus the development of another appendage essential to a male beetle--his genitalia. Unlike mandibles, however, a beetle's privates are far from its horn--in fact, on the other side of its body. Yet Nijhout and Moczek found that when they destroyed the cells destined to become the genitalia, the beetles grew horns that were on average 26% longer than on beetles on which they performed a sham surgery (cutting them open but leaving the genital cells unmolested).

The scientists point out that insect cells need more than just energy to grow--they are controlled by hormones and other regulating molecules. These molecules course throughout the body, and so a greedy organ in one part of the body may be able to stunt the growth of another one far away. Insects may be particularly vulnerable to this sort of constraint, because their adult body takes form very quickly as a larva goes through metamorphosis.

It turns out that only some male horned scarab beetles grow long horns and battle for mates. Others grow to only small sizes as adults and don't grow any horn at all. Rather than fight the big males, they sneak around, trying to grab a female on the sly. Freed from the burden of a big horn, they seem to have channeled their resources into their genitalia. Their genitals are bigger than those of the horned males, and their sperm is superior as well. The horned scarabs beetles may not be able to escape their evolutionary constraint, it seems, but they certainly can do a good job of exploring the possibilities those constraints allow them.

Exactly what the horned scarab beetles have to say about men with big feet, however, remains for future scientists to determine.

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